Gao Ran, a PhD candidate at Capital Medical University in Beijing specializing in neuroimmunology, focuses her research on the mechanisms of action and clinical therapy between microglia and neurodegenerative diseases in this abstract. In the context of chronic neuroinflammation, the polarization and metabolic changes in microglia become increasingly pronounced. This article aims to summarize the key roles of metabolic reprogramming and polarization in microglial function, as well as their implications in major neurodegenerative diseases. The findings hold significant clinical relevance, particularly in the field of neurological disorders.